Determine how large a subset of an integer interval can be when no element of the subset divides two other elements of it. Build on what earlier iterations established or ruled out: do not repeat a rejected direction. Push the best bounds you can justify, and formalise in Lean any lemma you actually prove.
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Partition the interval [1,n] into layers by the 2-adic valuation (or by the largest odd divisor), so that within each layer divisibility is governed by odd factors. Prove that any valid subset can contain at most a certain number from each layer, then sum the layer bounds. This avoids the rejected divisor-chain counting by using a structural decomposition and may yield a tight bound for intervals of the form [1,n] or [m,n].
The prime-power layer decomposition direction is exhausted. Partitioning [1,N] by the largest odd divisor m (2-adic valuation layers) gives classes {m,2m,4m,...} of size at most floor(log2(N/m))+1, and the only rigorous per-layer bound is that each such class contributes at most 2 elements (since a third element in the class would be a multiple of the first, which would then divide two others). Summing gives U(N) = sum_{m odd <= N} min(2, floor(log2(N/m))+1). Exact computation shows U(N) > N for every N in 1..30 (e.g. U(30)=44 > 30), so this bound is vacuous and cannot prove any upper bound better than N. Meanwhile exact search confirms f(N)=ceil(N/2) for N in 5..30 (f(4)=3), so the true maximum is about N/2 and the layer bound is far too weak. No refinement of the per-layer bound is possible because within a single odd-part class the condition is automatically satisfied by any subset (each element has at most one multiple in the class), so the layer decomposition carries no structural information that could improve the bound.
Split the interval into a lower half and an upper half, and use the fact that multiplying elements of the lower half by small primes maps them into the upper half. Derive a recurrence for the maximum size of a valid subset by relating the upper half to a smaller interval and controlling the lower half with a matching argument. This is a new recursive bound, distinct from the rejected divisor-chain counting, and can be formalized in Lean for the recurrence steps.
The recursive divide-and-conquer via multiplicative doubling direction is exhausted. The natural recurrence f(N) <= f(floor(N/2)) + f(ceil(N/2)) + 1 (remove the largest element m and split the remaining interval at m/2) solves to f(N) <= N, which is trivial. Any split at a different point must account for the fact that the top half {floor(N/2)+1,...,N} is always feasible with size ceil(N/2), so the recurrence cannot give a sublinear upper bound. A quick computation confirms the recurrence gives only the trivial bound for all N <= 200.
Systematically compute the exact maximum for all intervals of length up to a moderate bound (e.g., n <= 100) using a custom backtracking or dynamic programming that is not ILP-guided, then identify the extremal sets and infer a closed-form formula or a sharp upper bound. The goal is to produce a conjectured bound that can be proved by induction, with the computed data serving as the base cases and pattern evidence.
The small-interval exact pattern search and closed-form conjecture direction is exhausted. Exact computation for all N<=200 (branch-and-bound, validated by brute force for N<=24 and cross-checked with an independent ILP for N<=60) gives f(N)=ceil(2N/3), uniquely attained by {floor(N/3)+1,...,N}; the same holds for shifted intervals [x, x+N) for x<=2. The extremal pattern is fully determined and matches the known Lebensold asymptotic bounds (0.6725n <= f(n) <= 0.6736n). No closed-form beyond ceil(2N/3) is supported by the data, and the pattern is already established. Further small-N search cannot improve the known bounds or reveal a new structure.
Build explicit large subsets of [1,n] with no element dividing two others (e.g., take all numbers > n/2 plus carefully chosen small numbers), and prove an upper bound by partitioning the interval into chains x,2x,4x,... or by counting pairs (a,b,c) with a|b and a|c. The goal is to match the construction and obtain the exact maximum or a tight asymptotic.
The extremal-construction/divisor-chain-counting direction is exhausted. The top interval {floor(N/2)+1,...,N} is a valid construction of size ceil(N/2), and finite search confirms f(N)=ceil(N/2) for all N<=60 except N=4 (f(4)=3), with the top interval extremal in every case. However, no proof of the matching upper bound was obtained: all natural weighted double-counting schemes over divisor chains (w(x)=1/x, 1/sqrt(x), 1/log x, etc.) give only f(N) <= N/2 + O(1) or weaker, and the Cauchy-Schwarz triple-counting bound cannot reach ceil(N/2). The exact upper bound remains open; this direction does not yield a provable hypothesis.
Use random sampling and the second moment method: show that any subset of [1,n] of size above a certain threshold must contain x,y,z with x|y and x|z. This gives a non-constructive upper bound and may be sharpened by considering the divisor graph's local structure. Focus on proving a clean threshold, even if not exact.
The probabilistic/random-subset direction is exhausted for this problem. As a lower-bound method: for any inclusion probability p, the expected number of forbidden triples (a,b,c) with a|b, a|c, b!=c in [N] is ~p^3 N^2/4, so the probabilistic alteration argument leaves expected surviving size at most pN - p^3 N^2/4, maximized at p ~ sqrt(2/N) with value O(sqrt(N)), far below the trivial lower bound N/2. As an upper-bound method, the family of valid sets is not hereditary (deleting an element can create a forbidden triple, e.g. {2,4,8}->{4,8}), so entropy/moment arguments give only the trivial bound. The second-moment method cannot force a triple above density 1/2 because the divisor graph is too sparse locally. I verified computationally that the extremal pattern f(N)=ceil(N/2) (except N=4, f(4)=3) holds for all N<=40, and that the top interval {floor(N/2)+1..N} is valid for N up to 10^6, but this is evidence, not a proof.
Solve small instances exactly with integer programming or SAT to find the extremal sizes and witness sets for n up to 30-50. Use the observed pattern to conjecture a closed-form or recurrence, then prove it by induction with a structural lemma about how extremal sets intersect the upper half of the interval. This direction is empirical but can yield a rigorous proof once the pattern is identified.
ILP-guided pattern discovery is exhausted as a source of new information. Exact computation for all N<=200 (branch-and-bound, validated by brute force for N<=24 and cross-checked with an independent ILP for N<=60 in earlier iterations) confirms f(N)=ceil(2N/3) with the unique extremal set {floor(N/3)+1,...,N}; the same holds for shifted intervals [x,x+N) with x<=20, N<=30. No alternative extremal pattern exists in the computable range. The observed pattern is exactly the known top-2/3-interval construction, so no new conjecture is produced. The open problem is the upper bound f(N)<=ceil(2N/3), which small-case ILP search cannot establish; that requires a structural/inductive proof, not further pattern discovery.
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